Which are the different case manipulation functions in SQL?

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There are three case manipulation functions in SQL:

  • LOWER: converts character into Lowercase.
  • UPPER: converts character into uppercase.
  • INITCAP: converts character values to uppercase for the initials of each word.

In SQL, there are several case manipulation functions that you can use to change the case of strings. The specific functions available can vary slightly depending on the database management system you’re using, but some common ones include:

  1. UPPER(): Converts all characters in a string to uppercase.
    SELECT UPPER(column_name) FROM table_name;
  2. LOWER(): Converts all characters in a string to lowercase.
    SELECT LOWER(column_name) FROM table_name;
  3. INITCAP() or INITIAL_CAP(): Converts the first character of each word to uppercase and the rest to lowercase.
    -- Example for INITCAP()
    SELECT INITCAP(column_name) FROM table_name;    — Example for INITIAL_CAP()
    SELECT INITIAL_CAP(column_name) FROM table_name;

Note that the availability of these functions may vary depending on the database system you are using. The examples above are generic and should work in many relational database systems like MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and SQL Server. Always refer to the documentation of the specific database system you are using for accurate information.