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The NVL() function is used to convert NULL value to the other value. NVL() function is used in Oracle it is not in SQL and MySQL server. Instead of NVL() function MySQL have IFNULL() and SQL Server have ISNULL() function. In SQL, the NVL() function is typically used to replace NULL values with a specified … Read more

CONCAT: join two or more values together. SUBSTR: used to extract the string of specific length. LENGTH: return the length of the string in numerical value. INSTR: find the exact numeric position of a specified character. LPAD: padding of the left-side character value for right-justified value. RPAD: padding of right-side character value for left-justified value. … Read more

Character-manipulation functions are used to change, extract, alter the character string. One or more than one characters and words should be passed into the function, and then the function will perform its operation on those words. In SQL, character-manipulation functions are functions that allow you to perform operations on character or string data. These functions … Read more

There are three case manipulation functions in SQL: LOWER: converts character into Lowercase. UPPER: converts character into uppercase. INITCAP: converts character values to uppercase for the initials of each word. In SQL, there are several case manipulation functions that you can use to change the case of strings. The specific functions available can vary slightly … Read more

Case manipulation functions are the functions which convert the data from the state in which it is already stored in the table to upper, lower or mixed case. Case manipulation function can be used in almost every part of the SQL statement. Case manipulation functions are mostly used when you need to search for data, … Read more